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| LitNet is ’n onafhanklike joernaal op die Internet, en word as gesamentlike onderneming deur Ligitprops 3042 BK en Media24 bedryf. |
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isiZulu |
isiXhosa |
Sesotho |
Xitsonga |
Sepedi |
Afrikaans |
English |
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Dumisani Sibiya, second-born son of Khethekile and
Mshiyeni, was born in 1976 in Nquthu, Northern KwaZulu-Natal. He
holds a Masters degree in Publishing Studies and is currently working
towards a PhD in African literature. Until recently, when he joined
Macmillan Publishers, Sibiya taught African Literature and Media
Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand. His debut novel,
currently prescribed for grade 10 in KwaZulu-Natal, Kungasa Ngifile
(Over my dead body) (Tafelberg Publishers, 2002), won the Sanlam
Prize for Youth Literature in 2002, and was a finalist in the MNET
Book Prize in 2003 and 2004. His other books include two collections
of short stories entitled Izinyembezi (Ilitha, 2003), Amancoko
(forthcoming) and an anthology of poetry edited by CD Ntuli, Zibuyile
Emasisweni (due to be published by Oxford University Press in
December). His books have been highly commended by eminent Zulu
professors, among them DBZ Ntuli and CT Msimang.
As a student of academic excellence he has been awarded the following
scholarships and awards: Murray & Roberts Bursary, Harold & Doris
Tothill Bequest Scholarship, Mellon Mentoring Scholarship, Dr Khambule
Growing Our Own Timber Programme Award, Vilakazi Memorial Award,
Isaac-Moepuli Memorial Award, and ISMA Flior Award. These are mainly
for distinctive achievement in both undergraduate and postgraduate
studies. |
"Kuningi
osekuzanyiwe ukwenza ngcono nokubeka ezingeni imibhalo yezilimi
zaboMdabu base-Afrika kodwa kuze kube manje imibhalo kulezi
zilimi isalokhu ibhekene nengwadla. Phakathi kwezinye izindlela
esezizanyiwe singabala ukuklomelisa izincwadi, ukushicilela
izincwadi yinkampani ethile ngenhloso yokwandisa imibhalo (lolu
chungechunge oluye lwaziwe ngegama elithile kuthiwa yisilisi)
kanye nokuhluzwa kwemibhalo. Nakuba lokhu kusengasetshenziswa
kangconywana ngokuthi kufakwe omunye umfutho, leli phepha liyagcizelela
ukuthi kufanele kusetshenziswe izindlela eziningi ukwakha nokuthuthukisa
imibhalo yobuciko esezingeni lomhlaba kulezi zilimi. Kule ngxoxo
ekuleli phepha kubekwa nemibono ngezinye izindlela ezingasiza
ukwenza ngcono isimo semibhalo yobuciko kulezi zilimi zelengabadi." |
| "Several
ways have been used to develop and promote literatures in African
languages, yet these literatures are still struggling to survive.
The tried but tired strategies are literary awards, book series
and literary criticism. While these can be revived, this essay
calls for a multiple strategic approach to the development and
promotion of creative ecriture in these languages. It suggests
possible effective strategies that can be used in improving
the status of work of art in these languages." |
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Ukukhala akusizi; zama okuningi: ukuthuthukiswa kwemibhalo ezilimini zaboMdabu kuleli*
EDM Sibiya
Also available as: Cry not; try a lot: the development and promotion of African-language literatures
|
Iqoqa
Kuningi osekuzanyiwe ukwenza ngcono nokubeka ezingeni imibhalo yezilimi zaboMdabu base-Afrika kodwa kuze kube manje imibhalo kulezi zilimi isalokhu ibhekene nengwadla. Phakathi kwezinye izindlela esezizanyiwe singabala ukuklomelisa izincwadi, ukushicilela izincwadi yinkampani ethile ngenhloso yokwandisa imibhalo (lolu chungechunge oluye lwaziwe ngegama elithile kuthiwa yisilisi) kanye nokuhluzwa kwemibhalo. Nakuba lokhu kusengasetshenziswa kangconywana ngokuthi kufakwe omunye umfutho, leli phepha liyagcizelela ukuthi kufanele kusetshenziswe izindlela eziningi ukwakha nokuthuthukisa imibhalo yobuciko esezingeni lomhlaba kulezi zilimi. Kule ngxoxo ekuleli phepha kubekwa nemibono ngezinye izindlela ezingasiza ukwenza ngcono isimo semibhalo yobuciko kulezi zilimi zelengabadi.
Isingeniso
Kubonakala sengathi alikakhuli inani labafunda izincwadi zesiZulu;
kodwa ithemba likhulu lokuthi lesi sibalo sizokwanda sibe ngesijabulisayo
ngenxa yezinguquko zakamuva kwezemfundo (Bang, 1951: 6)1.
Ukufundwa kwezincwadi ezibhalwe ngezilimi zaboMdabu bakuleli zikhombisa ukuciciza noma sithi nje zithuthuka kancane, njengoba abahluzi abehlukene belokhu bekhale ngakho lokhu iminyaka ngeminyaka (Bang, 1951; Malan, 1980; Attwell, 1984; Maake, 2000). Kodwa-ke njengoba uSolwazi uMaake esho, ukungathuthuki kwemibhalo yethu akuyona into esingagcizelelwa kakhulu ukuba singaze silale sidle yona; kunalokho kufanele ngabe le mibhalo ishayelwa ihlombe ngokuthi ikwazile ukuphila ngaphansi kwesimo sengcindezelo kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho, nobekungelula ukuthi ikhule le mibhalo.
Lapha asizukukhuluma ngesimo nezinkinga imibhalo yezilimi zoMdabu wase-Afrika ehlangabezane nazo (baningi asebekhulumile ngaphambilini); kodwa sizogxila ezindleleni esezisetshenzisiwe ukwenza ngcono isimo sale mibhalo. Inhloso akukhona ukukhombisa ukuthi lawo maqhinga awabanga namsebenzi walutho kodwa wukuthi labo abakhathalele ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlonishwa kwemibhalo yalezi zilimi bakwazi ukufunda ebuhleni nasebubini balelo nalelo qhinga. La maqhinga asesetshenziswe kakhulu kodwa awukho umehluko omkhulu awenzayo. Lapha-ke ngihlaba ikhwelo lokuthi la masu awandiswe futhi asetshenziswe kanye kanye ukuze kube nomehluko. Ingxenye yokuqala sizohlaziya lawo asesetshenzisiwe ngaphambilini, kubonakale ukuthi yini okungahlonyulwa ukuwenza abe negalelo elibonakalayo.
Osekuzanyiwe kwakhathalwa
Selokhu kwaqalwa ukushicilela imibhalo yobuciko ngezilimi zaboMdabu eziMishini ngekhulu-nyaka le-19 kuze kufike isikhathi sokuqhibuka kwezinkampani ngekhulu-nyaka lama-20,2 inkinga enkulu ekuthuthukeni nasekugqameni kwemibhalo kulezi zilimi kwaba wukusweleka kwabafundi. Ngokocwaningo kuyahlaluka ukuthi lezi zinkinga zibe khona ezilimini zabomdabu kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika.
UMaake uyasikhumbuza ukuthi izinto ebeziphazamisa ukuthuthuka kwemibhalo kulezi zilimi, zibandakanya imithetho eshaywa yinkolo, abashicileli ababeyizincelebane zikaHulumeni wobandlululo, umthetho ohlungayo nowawushaywe ngokomgomo wokushicilela, inkohlakalo yabahlunga izincwadi eziya ezikoleni, kanye nesiGungu soLimi. Ukungeneliseki ngokufundwa kwalezi zilimi kubangelwa ubuphofu kubantu, ukungafundi ngokwanele, isiko lokufunda elingekho, kanye nesenzo sohlelo lwemfundo yeBantu eyenza kubonakale ukufunda kuyinto yezingane zesikole. Akhona amasu asezanyiwe ukwenza isimo sale mibhalo ibe ngcono.
Imiklomelo
Imiklomelo yehlukene kabili: kukhona eklomelisa imizamo engakaze ishicilelwe kanye naleyo eklomelisa imibhalo esuke isishicilelwe. Uhlobo lokuqala lwemiklomelo luhlose ukuthuthukisa imibhalo ngokwandisa inani lezincwadi, kanti lolu lwesibili lona luhlose ukukhangisa nje lezo ncwadi ezisuke vele sezishicilelwe. Ngamanye amazwi lolu hlobo lwesibili lwazisa abanikazi bolimi ukuthi kukhona incwadi ethile nethile esezingeni eliphezulu olimini lwabo.
Nakuba izinhloso zizinhle kakhulu zalezi zinhlobo zemiklomelo, kukhona okungahambi
kahle ngazo. Ukubeka izibonelo nje ezimbili, sizothatha iSanlam
Prize for Youth Literature neM-net Book Prize zihlanganisa
izilimi zesiNguni nesiSuthu esikhundleni sokuthi ulimi ngalunye
kweziyisikhombisa luzimele lulodwa. Yize noma kubonakala sengathi
ukuhlobana kwalezi zilimi yikhona okwenza ukuthi zididiyelwe ndawonye
emaqenjini, ukushiywa kwezilimi ezikhulunywa yidlanzana njengesiTsonga
nesiVenda kukhomba ukuthi yingoba kungekho mali etheni eyenziwayo
ngokudayisa izincwadi kulezi zilimi ezimbili. Kodwa-ke kuyamangalisa
ukuthi isiBhunu nesiNgisi zona azihlanganiswa kodwa zihlobene.
Lokhu kungukubandlulula futhi akwamukeleki ezweni eseliziqhayisa
ngomthetho-sisekelo ogcizelela izilimi ezilinganayo eziyishumi
nanye. Kuyacaca ukuthi lokhu kungahloniphi ngendlela efanayo izilimi
yindlela yokwenza imali kunokuthuthukisa izilimi zaboMdabu. Ukuba
njengokusho kukaMaake,3 imiklomelo
"yenza ngcono izinga lemibhalo yobuciko ngokuklomelisa imisebenzi
yababhali asebemnkantsha ubomvu kanye namavukana… ibuye ivule
abantu amehlo babone imisebenzi emihle ezilimini zabo bese bethenga",
lapha kubonakala sengathi imiklomelo ikhombisa ukungalingani kwezilimi
okwakukhona ngesikhathi sobandlululo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu osekuxoxwe
ngakho ngenhla, imiklomelo ebhekene nezilimi zaboMdabu bakuleli
imbalwa kakhulu ukwenza umehluko ekuthuthukiseni lezi zilimi.
Ngokuqhathanisa kukaSolwazi uMaake (2000: 149), isiBhunu sinemiklomelo
eyishumi nane (ukusuka ngo-1914), isiNgisi sona sineyisithupha
- uma kungabalwa eminye eyisithupha esasiyihlanganyela nesiBhunu.
Izilimi zaboMdabu bakuleli zona zinembalwa kakhulu.4
Kubonakala kukuncane kakhulu okwenziwa abashicileli uma imibhalo
isishicilelwe, okufana nokukhangisa. Abakwenzayo nje wukulinda
imiNyango yezeMfundo ukuthi ibize izincwadi ukuze zihlungelwe
ukufundwa ezikoleni. Kungalesi sizathu abashicileli abaningi bebengashicileli
ncwadi ezilimini zethu kule minyaka emine kuya kwemihlanu edlule.
Ngesinye isikhathi kuba nezincwadi ezilinda iminyaka eyevile kwemihlanu
ngaphambi kokuthi zishicilelwe. Isizathu salokhu wukunciphisa
kukahulumeni imali yokuxhasa ukuthengwa kwezincwadi nokwenza abashicileli
bathwale kanzima uma kufanele bakhiqize izincwadi ezintsha. Yize
kukubi ohlangothini lwabashicileli, kusize ukuvusa abamakethayo
ebuthongweni babo, bacabange ezinye izindlela zokukhangisa nokudayisa
kanjalo nokuncintisana nezinye izinkampani. Ngokomlando wemibhalo yobuciko ezilimini zaboMdabu bakuleli zwe (Maake, 2000:
129), imiklomelo ivele kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ngakho-ke
ngeke silindele umehluko ongako okumele iwenze ekuthuthukiseni
imibhalo. Kodwa-ke futhi singeke saqinisa ukuthi ukungabi bikho
kwemiklomelo eyanele yikhona okwenza imibhalo ingathuthuki, kanti
futhi noma ingaba khona ngokushesha futhi ibe miningi ngeke ixazululeke
inkinga yemibhalo yobuciko kulezi zilimi. Umlando wokuthuthuka
nokudlodlobala kwemibhalo yesiBhunu ikhomba ukuthi imibhalo ayithuthukiswa
yimiklomelo kuphela.5 Ngokusho kukaPhaswane
Mpe "imibhalo yakhiwa, ilolongwe okuningi okubamba iqhaza: abashicileli
nabafundi bezincwadi, izintatheli nabezokuxhumana, ababhali, abahlaziyi
bemibhalo…"6 Ukwehlukana kweqhaza
elibanjwa abantu abehlukene ekwakhiweni kwemibhalo kuthi akufane
ncimishi namasu ahlukene okufanele asetshenziswe ekuthuthukiseni
nasekukhangiseni imibhalo ezilimini zaboMdabu kuleli.
Okuyikhona kwehlisa isithunzi neqhaza lemiklomelo eqondene ngqo nezilimi ezithile, ngokukhombisa kocwaningo lukaNhlanhla Maake, yinkohlakalo. Ukumbulwa kwezinqe kwalabo ababeneqhaza kuleyo nkohlakalo ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kwenza ukuthi le miklomelo yehle ngenani nangokuhlonipheka kwayo. Masikuphawule ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuvalwa kwezinkampani ezazibolile yinkohlakalo.7 (Ngizosho ngingahlonizi ukuthi namanje isekhona inkohlakalo; inoveli yami ethi Kungasa Ngifile ayiwutholanga umklomelo emcimbini woSiba wokunikezelwa kwemiklomelo wangonyaka ka-2003 ngoba kwakunenkolelo yokuthi angilona ilungu lenhlangano ngokugcwele."
Ngenxa yamathizethize ahambisana nokunikezwa kwemiklomelo, ibonakala ikhathele futhi ingakwazi ukudlala iqhaza elifanele nelilindelekile. Ngokusho kukaMpe noMaake, ukungathuthuki kwemibhalo ezilimini zabamnyama ngeke kwaba yicala elingathwalwa abashicileli nokungabibikho kwemiklomelo eyanele kuphela. Ngaleyo ndlela sikhona isidingo sokuthi ke sibheke amanye amasu asetshenzisiwe. Njengoba omunye umlobi ongathandanga ukuveza igama lakhe asho ngo-1951:
Ekugcineni kwakho konke ukuthuthuka kolimi kanye nemibhalo yalo incike kakhulu kumbhali ozinikele kanye nasolimini oluphilayo olukhulunywayo, oluthuthukayo, noluwumthombo lapho umbhali onohlonze ephuza khona.8
Uchungechunge lwezincwadi
Kukhona izinkampani ezifana noWitwatersrand University Press, Macmillan Southern Africa, neHeinemann Southern Africa ezakhe uchungechunge lokushicilelwa kwezincwadi noma amasirisi aziwa ngegama elithile. Uchungechunge oludala kakhulu yilolo lwe-UWP olwaziwa ngeleBantu Treasury series nolwasungulwa uClement Doke ngabo-1930. Izincwadi ezashicilelwa ngaphansi kwalolu chungechunge kuze kube manje zisathathwa njengezisezingeni eliphezulu ezilimini ezishicilelwe ngazo. Lapha singabala iqoqo lezinkondlo (BW Vilakazi: Inkondlo kaZulu, 1935) lokuqala kanye nomdlalo (NNT Ndebele: UGubudele Namazimuzimu, 1937) wokuqala esiZulwini ziyingxenye yalolu chungechunge lwezincwadi. Usuke engaqambi manga uMaake (2000: 138) uma ethi "laba babhali basezingeni eliphezulu." Ukufakezela lokhu akushoyo, uVilakazi kuze kube nanamuhla usathathwa njengembongi esezingeni eliphezulu esiZulwini. U-SEK Mqhayi usadla ubhedu namanje esiXhoseni. Bheka ngoba inoveli yakhe yomlando ethi Ityala lamawele yagcina isiwumdlalo kamabonakude futhi isivezwe kaningi impela. Ngenxa yesizathu engingakasazi namanje lolu chungechunge lwezincwadi zeBantu Treasury alusashicilelwa.
Inkampani yakwaMacmillan yona ibingashicileli nhlobo ngezilimi zase-Afrika kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980, ngesikhathi beqamba uchungechunge lwezincwadi olwaziwa ngelikaVulandlela. Emibhalweni yesiZulu engaphansi kwalolu chungechunge akukho ncwadi esezingeni elibabazekayo. Ukwenza nje isibonelo, izindaba ezimfishane zika-AB Shange, KJN Sithole (1990) noCondy Nxaba, azihlukile emibhalweni yabalobi abafana noDBZ Ntuli. UVulindlela kubonakala sengathi igalelo lakhe wukwandisa inani lezindaba zesiZulu ikakhulu, kunokuthuthukisa izinga lokuchwephesha ekubhaleni. Njengoba abashicileli abaningi bengasakhiqizi imibhalo yobuciko muva nje, eminyakeni emithathu nangaphezulu edlule ayikashicileli lutho olubonakalayo. Kuze kwathi kuwo lo nyaka bayikhane belungiselela ukushicilela ngoba uMnyango weMfundo usuhlabe ikhwelo lokuthi ufuna izincwadi ezintsha.
Uchungechunge lwakwaHeinemann olwaziwa ngeleMamela Afrika Series lwethulwe ngonyaka ka-1998 kanti lushicilele izilimi zaboMdabu iminyaka emithathu ilandelana. Kodwa-ke ukusukela ngo-2001, akubange kusashicilelwa ncwadi kulolu chungechunge. Nebala kwase kusho khona ukuthi lukhulu luyeza luyanyelela. Muva nje (2004) abashicileli ababebhekene ngqo nalolu chungechunge, abakhuluma izilimi zoMdabu (bathathu sebebonke ngokwazi kwami) bashiyile enkampanini yakwaHeinemann, baya kwezinye izindawo. Okumangalisayo wukuthi ezikhundleni zabo akufakwanga muntu.
Ngiyavumelana nombono kaMaake (2000: 151) uma ethi "zimbalwa kakhulu izincwadi
ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Okwenzekayo manje wukuthi izincwadi sezishicilelwa
ngoba nakhu sikhombisa ukuhambisana nomthetho olawula izwe, ngokukhuluma
ngengculazi, ngokuxoxa kahle ngobunkonkoni, ngaphandle kokujula
nokuhlaziya lezi zindikimba." Isibonelo esihle yileso sencwadi
ethi Isethembiso Esilichoboka, nekhuluma ngokuhushulwa
kwezisu ngaphandle kokwenza abafundi bacabange bajule ngokwenziwa
kwakho ukuhushulwa kwezisu kube semthethweni. Njengasezincwadini
zesiPedi ezikulolu chungechunge lweMamela Afrika, esiZulwini izinga
liyehluka incwadi nencwadi.9 Amanoveli
oVM Bhengu (Itshwele Lempangele) noJN Mngadi (Iziboshwa
Zothando) aseqophelweni eliphakeme. Incwadi kaBhengu ayinconywa
kuphela abahlaziyi abafana noNomvula Maduna kodwa ngisho nabanye
abashicileli.10
Ngokwalolu chungechunge lweMamela kunzima ukusho ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lichazwa ngandlelani. UJoyce Musi owayengumshicileli ngaleso sikhathi wangibhalela umyalezo othi "Izindaba zakho ezimfishane azikho ezingeni lokuthi sizishicilele… ngiyakweseka lokho." Yize noma engakwazi ngisho ukufunda ngisho umusho obhalwe ngesiZulu, wakwazi ukuthi izindaba zami abazukuzishicilela ngoba azinazo "izifundo." 11 Enye inkampani yayikade iyincomile ngaphambilini yathi nokusho zifanele zishicilelwe. Ukugcizelela isifundo esisobala embhalweni bese uvaleka amehlo ungabe usabona nobuchule nekhono lokubhala kukhombisa ukudideka komshicileli ngoba iMamela lena iyizincwadi eziqondiswe kubafundi asebebadala, hhayi izingane.12 Okunye okukhombisa ukungahleleki kahle kwezinto kulolu chungechunge wukuthi inkampani ibheke ukuthi uMnyango weMfundo ufake lezi zincwadi ohleni lwezincwadi ezifundwa ezikoleni ekubeni kodwa inhloso yochungechunge kuwukushicilela izincwadi ezilungele abafundi asebevuthiwe.
Izindaba ezimfishane zikaNkosinathi Sithole, nezawina umklomelo i-Ernst van
Heerden Creative Writing Award,13
wathi omunye wabahlungi bezincwadi zeMamela, azifanelwe ukushicilelwa
ngoba azithuthuki zibheke kuvuthondaba. Ngenhlanhla nje ngiyamazi
lona owayehluza lo mbhalo. Ulwazi lwakhe lwezindlela zokubhala
nentuthuko yakamuva emibhalweni lufishane kakhulu, akaze ashicilele
mbhalo ohluzayo noma ocubungula imibhalo kumbe-ke azame ukubhala
owakhe umbhalo wobuciko. Akwazi kakhulu wukufundisa labo abangasincelanga
ebeleni isiZulu, nokuyinto ayifundayo wagogoda kuyo, hhayi imibhalo
yobuciko. Ngaleyo ndlela izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukukhetha
abahluzi balolu chungechunge lweMamela Afrika Series, zidinga
ukuhlaziywa ngoba sengathi kukhona okungezi kahle ngazo.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu okubi esesikubalile ngenhla, ngabe asenzi ubulungiswa uma singabashayeli ihlombe abashicileli balezi zincwadi. Okokuqala, bakwazile ukuvula inkundla yokuthi abalobi bakwazi ukubhala ngezindikimba eziningi ezazingathintwa kudala ezilimini zaboMdabu bakuleli, njengezombusazwe nje. Okwesibili, izincwadi ezikhiqizwe kulolu chungechunge zinhle okungayiwa, ziyabukeka, zikuqhweba uza laphaya. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezincwadi futhi kusezingeni eliphezulu, ngisho e-Exclusive Books uyazithola nokuyinto engenzeki ezincwadini eziningi ezibhalwe ngezilimi zethu. Ngeshwa elikhulu nokho, bambalwa kakhulu ababhali esibabone begqama lapha, abebewumgogodla wochungechunge sebegeze izandla bashaya izishwapha zabo, kanti futhi nezinga ababehlose ukufinyelela kulo lokufica i-African Writers Series yodumo (eyasungulwa yiHeinemann International) ligcine nje sekuyiphupho.
Ukuhluzwa kwemibhalo
Sathi sizixoxela nje ngolunye usuku ngokuqala kuka-2001 nomunye
wababhali besiZulu ohlonishwa kakhulu nongumshicileli kwenye yezinkampani,
ngacela ukuthi angibalele abahlaziyi bemibhalo yesiZulu abahlanu
abaziyo. Akazange akhumbule ngisho owokubika ngiqinisile! Naye uqobo
kwacaca ukuthi akukho lutho akubhalayo ekuhluzeni nokuyigalelo ekuthuthukiseni
imibhalo, yize noma eneziqu zobudokotela kwezemibhalo. Ngabe lokhu
kusho ukuthi akaliboni iqhaza elibanjwa wukuhlaziya ekuthuthukiseni
imibhalo? Ngaphandle kwemibhalo yama-eseyi ahluza izincwadi, uthuthuka
kanjani yena njengombhali? Ngabe ucoshela kwezinye izilimi? Angizange
ngimcindezele ukuthi angiphendule le mibuzo; ingxoxo yethu yayingahlangene
nalo mbhalo owufundayo. Lo mbhali ungomunye wabaningi abakushaya
indiva ukuhluzwa kwemibhalo ekuthuthukeni kwabo njengababhali. Yibo
kanye futhi laba abangakaze bazihluphe nje ngokuhluza. Nakuba abanye
babalobi abanohlonze abafana noCT Msimang noDBZ Ntuli belwenzile
ucwadingo ngemibhalo yesiZulu nolimi nje jikelele, iningi lababhali
sengathi alikakuboni ukubaluleka kokwenza lokho. Kuyamangalisa-ke
lokho nokho uma usucabanga ukuthi baningi kanjani abalobi besiZulu,
iningi labo futhi lifundile. Babukeka bethule nje bengazi nanyaka
ngalokhu. Nokho singeyifele amathe imizamo yabantu abafana noGS
Zulu noDBZ Ntuli abahluza imibhalo emaphepheni Ilanga neSolezwe.
Ukuthula nokuvilapha ukuhluza imibhalo yobuciko kubonakala sengathi
yisifo esihlasele kuzo zonke izilimi zaboMdabu eNingizimu Afrika.
Amanyuvezi awalibambile ngokwanele iqhaza ekuhlaziyweni kwemibhalo
(Maake, 2000: 146). Kulabo abambalwa esingeke sibadlele amandla
nemizamo yabo yokubeka le mibhalo ezingeni eliphezulu, singabala
amaqhawe afana noBW Vilakazi, RRR Dhlomo, CLS Nyembezi, HC Groenewald,
CF Swanepoel noDP Kunene. Ezikhathini eziningi, njengoba eyihlaba
eseikhonkosini uNhlanhla Maake (200: 146) amanye amanyuvesi akhiqize
inqwaba yezifundiswa nothisha esingakaliboni iqhaza labo ekuhluzweni
kwemibhalo. Komunye nje uMnyango weziLimi zaboMdabu kwenye yamanyuvesi
ayaziwa ngokuthi angawabaMnyama, ikhiqize amaMA neziqu zobudokotela
wena owabona izinkwa ebhikawozi. Ngaphansi kwaleso simo esinjalo
kuyangabazisa ukuthi izilimi zethu zingahlomula eqhazeni elibanjwa
wukuhluzwa kwemibhalo.
Kulezi zinsuku uma sikhuluma ngokuhluzwa kwezincwadi kumajeneli
nasezincwadini ezibhalelwe khona ukuhluza, kunzima kakhulu ukukhumbula
amagama angedlula kwamabili abantu ababambe iqhaza. Akukhona ukuthi
umuntu yingoba esadla impundu (kwazise nenyama sesayithenga emabhusha,
akusahlatshwa nje) njengoba ekhohlwa; iqiniso wukuthi akukho okungako
okungakhunjulwa. Iningi lalabo abasezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme
ababhali bahluze imibhalo. Kujwayelekile ukuthi benze imisebenzi
benzela abashicileli nezinkampani, ukuze bathasisele kulobu buchwabalalana
ababuthola ngenyanga. Ukuba bake bazama ngabe sithi mhlawumbe
bakhathele manje. Labo abenza umsebenzi oncomekayo wesizwe bengabheke
mali sebeziphumulele kobandayo.14
Ukusebenza kanzima nangokuzinikelwa kwabambalwa abahlaziya imibhalo
beyenekele izwe nabangahle bayithenge leyo mibhalo ibonakala imincane
kakhulu ngoba iningi lihleli ligoqe izandla.
Ukukhala akusizi; zama okuningi
Amazwi ensizwa yakwaBang (1951) esivule ngawo le ngxoxo ehlangene
nesikhalo sikaMaake (2000) kuleli khulu nyaka kusikhombisa ngokusobala
ukujiya nobulikhuni bale nkinga. Njengoba uPhaswane Mpe esipotshozela
ocwaningweni lwakhe lwango-1999 lweHeinemann African Writers Series,
kuningi okubamba iqhaza ekwakheni nasekuthuthukiseni imibhalo
yobuciko olimini. Singabala nje ababhali nabahluzi, abashicileli
nabafundi, abacwaningi nabakhangisi. Ubuchule nobunyoningco obusetshenziswe
encwadini abusho ukuthi isizofundwa. Abafundi abahlali behlahle
amehlo bebheke incwadi entsha kodwa kufanele kube khona abakhuluma
ngayo, bayikhangise, babanxenxe, bababonise ubuhle bencwadi noma
ngabe bebungekho. Ukuthengwa nokufundwa kwezincwadi kuncike ezintweni
ezenziwayo ngencwadi, njengokukhangisa, hhayi nje incwadi kuphela.
Ucwaningo lukaThomas Woll15 lusikhombisa
ngokusobala ukuthi ziningi izimpendulo zale ngwadla yombuzo othinta
ukufundwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezincwadi. Ngokwabashicileli, amazwibela
encwadi, inani layo uma uyithenga, ukubukeka kwayo ngaphandle,
nokukhangisa, yikhona okubamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthengisweni
kwezincwadi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi
indikimba yencwadi (44%) kanye nokwaziwa kombhali (24%) yikhona
okubamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthengweni nasekufundweni kwezincwadi.
Kanti babili ekhulwini (2%) abathenga ngoba incwadi ibiza inani
elithile noma ibukeka ngendlela ethile ngaphandle (Woll, 1998:
164). Lokhu kuphambana kwemibono yabantu abehlukene kusikhombisa
ngokusobala ukuthi ukuthuthukisa nokukhangisa imibhalo kudinga
kube okubandakanya nabafundi uqobo ngandlela thile.
Amasu asetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa nokwazisa ngemibhalo yobuciko
ezilimini zaboMdabo, kumele kube amaningi ahlukahlukene njengoba
noMpe echaza ukuthi ngabantu nezinto ezahlukene ezibamba iqhaza
ekuthuthukeni kwemibhalo yobuciko. Sishilo ngenhla ukuthi amasu
asetshenzisiwe awazange abe nalo igalelo elibonakalayo. Lokhu
akusho ukuthi sekufanele kulahlwe imbeleko. Kuswelekile ukuthi
la maqhinga avuselelwe, kube sengathi kuqalwa phansi, kufundwe
emaphutheni enzekile ngaphambilini. Ukwenza lokhu kuzodinga umfutho
ongapheli, ukuzinikela, uthando kanye nemali. Abalobi bemibhalo
yobuciko ezilimini zaboMdabu, abahluzi bemibhalo, abacwaningi
kanye nazo zonke izinhlaka ezizimisele ngokuthuthukiswa nokubekwa
eqophelweni kwezilimi zabo nemibhalo yazo akufanele bakhale ngokungathuthuki
kwezilimi zabo. Ukukhala ngeke kusize, kuswelekile ukuthi kube
khona okwenziwayo ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwakho konke kufanele
bazinikele ukuthuthukisa izilimi zabo. Akukuhle nje ukuthi umuntu
agcine ngokushicilela bese eyahlala dekle alindele ukuthi umshicileli
alethe imali etholakale ngokudayiswa kwencwadi yakhe. Likhulu
ngempela iqhaza abanglibamba abalobi ekudayisweni kwezincwadi
zabo.16 Akudingeki nokuthi umuntu
angaze abe wumbhali owaziwayo nodumile; umbhali angazidumisa yena
ngokuthi imiphakathi imazi ngokumbona nangemisebenzi esezingeni
eliphezulu. Isifiso sikaMaake sihle kakhulu uma ethi ibhola lezinyawo
nombhoxo akufanele usithe izingqondo zabantu ngendlela yokuthi
imibhalo emihle ingabe isabonakala emehlweni abantu:
Umbhali kufanele aluthole udumo olulinganayo nabesilisa
nabesifazane abangabadlali bemidlalo eyahlukene. Izitikha, amaphosta,
nayo yonke inhlobo yezikhangiso ezibonakalayo ingasetshenziswa
ukuphumelelisa leli phupho. Akufanele futhi kube nendawo ethathwa
ngokuthi ayifanele ukuthi kukhonjiswe kuyo imibhalo yethu yobuciko.17
Umsakazo uzanyiwe futhi waphumelela njengendawo yokuthuthukisa
nokukhangisa ngemibhalo ezilimini zaboMdabu kuleli. Leli ngelinye
lamasu elibeneqhaza elikhulu kodwa abahlaziyi abaningi abanohlonze
banamuhla okubonakalayo ukuthi balishaya indiva. Lapha singabala
uPhaswane Mpe, uDumisani Ntshangase, uSibusiso Nyembezi noNhlanhla
Maake. Njengoba ngike ngabhala ngaphambilini, ziningi namuhla
izincwadi zesiZulu ezisezingeni eliphezulu eziqale ziyimidlalo
yomsakazo, kanti futhi zikhona nezincwadi eziguqulwe zaba yimidlalo
yomoya. Ababhali abadumile nabanohlonze abafanana noVM Bhengu,
MT Mkhize, DBZ Ntuli, EM Damane, Sibusiso Nyembezi, nabanye, kuphakathi
kokuthi baqale bebhalela umsakazo nokuthi imisebenzi yabo yobuciko
igcine isiyimidlalo yomoya, yaduma kakhulu emsakazweni.18
Ukwenza isibonelo nje, incwadi kaNyembezi ethi Inkinsela YaseMgungundlovu
(1960) yaduma kakhulu emsakazweni. Nakuba abahlaziyi bezincwadi
abafanan noVVO Mkhize19 bephawula
ukuthi amahlaya awasebenzisayo ezincwadini zakhe uNyembezi, nomkhuba
wakhe wokunika abanye bafunde lokhu asuke esekubhalile, yikhona
okwenza abe wumbhali onohlonze, angihambisani nalokho ngoba kubukela
phansi imizamo nokwenza okuthile okungahlangene nencwadi uqobo
nokuyenze yaba enedumela kakhulu esiZulwini. Le ncwadi yasakazwa
emoyeni emva nje kweminyaka emibili ishicilelwe. Ukusukela ngalowo
nyaka isisakazwe kaningi, yaze yavezwa ngisho kumabonakude. Singaphawula
futhi ukuthi ziyatholaka iziqeshana zayo ezincwadini ezifana neSizulu
Soqobo Ibanga 5. Omunye umbhali owakhuliswa walolongwa futhi
waduma ngenxa yomsakazo uVM Bhengu. Incwadi yakhe yokuqala ngqa
ukushicilelwa ingathathelwanga emdlalweni womoya yadayisa kakhulu
yize noma ibingafundwa ezikoleni.
Ukuhluzwa kwemibhalo kuwo wonke amaphephandaba aseNingizimu Afrika
kungalikhuphula izinga lokuhlonipheka kwezilimi zokudabuka kuleli
zwe. Iningi labafundi bala maphepha liyakwazi ukufunda olulodwa
noma ezimbili kulezi zilimi. Lokhu kungakwazi nokukhumbuza labo
abasacabanga ukuthi isiNgisi yisona sodwa esibalulekile ukuthi
nezabo izilimi zibalulekile futhi ziyaphila. Kulabo abangakwazi
ukuzifundela imibhalo ebhalwe ngalezi zilimi, ukuhluzwa kwemibhalo
ebhalwe ngazo emaphepheni esiNgisi kungenza ukuthi zibe ziningi
izincwadi ezihunyushwa zisuka kulezi zilimi ziya esiNgisini nakwezinye
izilimi zabezizwe. Abashicileli kuswelekile ukuthi bahlele ukuthi
lezi zincwadi zethulwe ngendlela eqondile. Ukwethulwa kwezincwadi
nokufundwa kwazo phambi kwabantu, yinto engekho ezilimini zethu.
Ukwenza kube lula ukuthola izincwadi ngokuthi zidayise kuzo zonke
izitolo ezidayisa izincwadi kuswelekile. Ababhali kanye nezinhlaka
ezahlukene ezinothando lokuthuthukisa izilimi zokudabuka kuleli
kufanele zihlwayele kubantu imbewu yokuthanda izilimi zabo. UHulumeni
kufanele akhombise ukuzinikela ngokusiphula ukhula lwenkohlakalo
egcwele ekunikezelweni kwezimali zokuxhasa abalobi eziphuma kwiNational
Arts Council. Ngaphezu kwalokho kumele afake imali eyanele ukwenza
lezi zilimi zibe 'semthethweni ngempela' futhi zisebenze. Lokhu
kungaba yingxenye yokwenza ukuvuselelwa kwe-Afrika kube yiphupho
elingagcini kuyiphupho kodwa lifezeke.
Elokuphetha
Isikhathi nenkundla ibincane kakhulu ukuthi singaxoxa kabanzi
ngezinto eziningi lapha. Kuningi okungathintiwe. Asishongo lutho
ngezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahlulumeni ezifana neCentre
for the Book eseKapa (ebambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo
yezilimi zokudabuka kuleli) neTimbila, kanye nemagazini efana
neDrum. Ukwenza nje isibonelo, iDrum, ishicilela
izindaba ezimfishane, ikhakhulu ezibhalwe abalobi abasafufusa.
Iqhaza layo kufanele kubhalwe ngalo imiqingo impela. Ngeke sikhohlwe
amaphephandaba afana nelesiZulu Ilanga, Leselinyana
(isiSuthu), neMvo Zabantsundu (isiXhosa) kanye neSolezwe
(isiZulu). Kodwa-ke siyadinga ukuthi kusungulwe amanye amaphephandaba
ezilimini zaboMdabu.
Yowona-ke amasu nezindlela okungasetshenziswa kanye kanye ukuze
imibhalo yethu ithuthuke, ikhangiseke, yaziwe futhi ihlonishwe.
Nezinga lokubhalwa kumele likhushulwe. Sethemba ukuthi abashicileli
bazophinde bavuselele uchungechunge lwemibhalo yobuciko, kuthi
lezo zinkampani ezingenalo zenze imizamo yokuqala okusha. Abanye
abashicileli kumele bashintshe indlela ababheka ngayo imibhalo
yobuciko bese bekhetha abahlaziyi noma abahlungi abasha esikhundleni
sokuthi bazitshele ukuthi laba abadala bazoshintsha indlela ababona
ngayo izinto. Phela siyasala kwezakamuva izinguquko ezenzeka emhlabeni
wokubhalwa kwezincwadi. Masethembe nokuthi abashicilelei ngeke
basitshele ukuthi bakhathele kakhulu ngoba belale ezinzulwini
zobusuku bejahele ukuhambisa izincwadi ezifunwa uMnyango wezeMfundo
ngakusasa ekubeni beshicilela izincwadi ezizofundwa ngabantu abavuthiwe
nabakhulile.
Ezinye zezincwadi ezifundiwe
Bower, C. 1998. Educational Publishing
in South Africa. Unpublished paper presented to a class of Publishing
Studies students, Department of African Literature, University
of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Evans, N and M Seeber (eds). 2000. The Politics
of Publishing in South Africa. London: Hogler Ehling Publishing.
Granville-Barker, H. 1956. On Dramatic Method.
New York: Hill & Wang.
Maake, N. 2000. Publishing and Perishing: Books,
People and Reading in African Languages in South Africa. In N
Evans and M Seeber (eds) (2000).
Mpe, P. 1999. The Role of the Heinemann African Writers
Series in the Development and Promotion of African Literature.
African Studies 58:1 (pp 105-122).
Sibiya, EDM. 2001a. Media and the Development
of African-Language Literature: Ukhozi FM and Ilanga. Unpublished
MA thesis, submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand in
partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master
of Arts.
Sibiya, EDM. 2001b. Performance to Print and
Print to Performance: Plays, Adaptation and Book Reading on South
African Radio. Journal of African Cultural Studies, Vol
14, No 2, December 2001.
Wa Thiong'o, Ngugi. 1986. The Language of African
Literature. In Decolonising the Mind. London: James Currey.
Woll, T. 1998. Publishing for Profit.
London: Kogan Page.
* Le eseyi isuselwe encwadini yami engayibhalela
iziqu zeMA eNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand nesihloko sithi Media
and the Development and Promotion of African-Language Literature:
Ukhozi FM and Ilanga (2001).
1 Bang, D.N. "In Praise of Zulu Literature"
Ilanga laseNatal, NgoMgqibelo, April 21, 1951
2 Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngomlando wokuqalwa
kokushicilelwa kwemibhalo yobuciko eziLimini zaboMdabu eNingizimu
Afrika, ukubandakanya incwadi yokuqala ulimi ngalunye, ungafunda
imisebenzi yabahlaziyi abanjengoGroenewald (1983), Kunene noKirsch
(1967), noMaake (2000).
3 Maake, 1992; Maake, 2000: 149
4 Ukufunda kabanzi ngemiklomelo ungabheka
imisebenzi yalaba bahluzi: (Mpe, okusazoshicilelwa), Maake (2000),
Sibiya (2001a).
5 Ngokomlando, isiBhunu sathola ukuhlonipheka
ngokuthi sibe wulimi olusemthethweni ngonyaka we-1924. Izinkampani
zabashicileli ezaziphethwe amaBhunu zaziqinisekisa ukuthi zithuthukisa
konke okuthinta isiBhunu. Abakhuluma izilimi zokudabuka kuleli
zwe bangafunda isifundo kulokhu okwenziwa amaBhunu, okukhombisa
ukuthi akumele kusetshenziswe indlela eyodwa uma kuzothuthukiswa
ulimi.
6 Mpe, 2000: 1
7 Maake, 2000: 150
8 Lo mbhalo waphuma ephephandabeni Ilanga
LaseNatal, langoMgqibelo, mhlaka-9 Juni 1951.
9 Legodi, T (1999), amakhasi 1-20.
10 Maduna (2000). Engxoxweni yami (Mbasa,
2001) noNkk Lettie Maseko osebenzela abashicileli bakwaBard ePitoli
wayincoma kakhulu le noveli kaBhengu.
11 I-imeyili eyabhalwa ngo February 2001.
12 NoPhaswane Mpe wake walwa impi efanayo
noMusi owayemgxekela ukuthi encwadini yakhe usebenzise ulimi oluhlambalazayo
uma esebenzisa igama elithi 'masepa' nelisho amasimba.
13 Lo mklomelo awudumile kangako ngoba
uphethwe yiNyuvesi yaseWits, awuvulelwe kunoma ngubani. Inhloso
yawo wukugqugquzela ababhali abasafufusa. Uqale ngo-1985 kanti
kule minyaka emibili edlule ngiseWits, angikhumbuli kukhona omunye
owutholayo. Anginasiqiniseko noma sekuwukuphela kwawo yini.
14 Lapha ngikhumbula amaqhawe akithi afana
noVilakazi noNyembezi.
15 Ungafunda incwadi yakhe ethi Publishing
for Profit (1998), amakhasi 163-164.
16 Ngikwenzile mina lokhu kwasebenza enovelini
yami ethi Kungasa Ngifile.
17 Maake, 2000: 155.
18 Sibiya, EDM (2001b). "Performance to
Print and Print to Performance: Plays, Adaptations and Book Reading
on South African radio" iphepha elitholakala encwadini ethi Journal
of African Cultural Studies, Vol 14, No 2, Dec 2001.
19 OkaKhabazela lona wayehluza izincwadi
emsakazweni wesiZulu (sekuwUkhozi FM manje) njalo ngolwesiBili
lokugcina enyangeni.
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